ABSTRACT
The hospital environment plays an important role in the spread of microorganisms, including multi drug resistant [MDR] strains. Patients can acquire Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus [MRSA] which can reside in the clinical setup that are not cleaned and can spread through air droplets, bed clothing, and healthcare workers. The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of S. aureus in the Khyber Teaching Hospital [KTH]. A total of 200 samples were collected from the floor, walls, air and inanimate objects in different wards of the KTH, during May 2012 to September 2012. These samples were screened for the recovery of S. aureus. Recovered organisms were subjected to susceptibility testing and investigated for the detection of various toxin and antibiotic resistance genes by Polymerase Chain Reaction [PCR]. A total of 64 samples yielded S. aureus, out of which 37 [57.81%] were proved as MRSA. No isolate was found resistant to Vancomycin, however 81.25% of the isolates were found susceptible to Linezolid and Amikacin. The susceptibility to Fusidic acid, Chloramphenicol, Rifampicin, Doxycycline and Meropenem was observed as 79.69%, 76.56%, 75.00, 73.44% and 68.75% respectively. The frequency of sea, seb and sec genes were 56.25%, 43.75% and 12.5% in the recovered isolates. Erm C was more prevalent [28.12 %] than the ermA and ermB. The prevalence of pvl in MRSA was 21.62 % which is less than 33.33% in the MSSA isolates. S. aureus and especially MRSA are frequently prevalent in the KTH. Therefore, every immune-compromised patient is prone to infections caused by S. aureus. This will lead to high morbidity/mortality rate, prolong hospital stay and add extra cost to the health system
ABSTRACT
Staphylococcus aureus is a nosocomial pathogen that resides in the soft tissues causing many diseases. The current study was conducted to determine the prevalence of Methicillin Resistant S. aureus [MRSA] in ear discharge and pus of patients and antibacterial activity of crude methanolic extract [Cr. MeOH Ext.] and various fractions of M. Africana and V. agnus castus against clinical isolates of MRSA. A total of 40 samples were collected from ear, nose and throat [ENT] outpatient department and wards of Khyber Teaching Hospital [KTH], Peshawar. Out of 40 samples, 36 [90%] samples showed growth on Mannitol Salt Agar [MSA] media out of which 9[25%] were MRSA and the remaining 27[75%] were methicillin susceptible S. aureus [MSSA]. A good antibacterial activity was observed for the Cr. MeOH Ext. [76.1%] and ethyl acetate [EtOAc] fraction of V. agnus castus against S[11] [71.4%]. The n-hexane fraction also showed good antibacterial effect [70%] against S[26]. The chloroform [CHCl[3]], butanol [BuOH] and aqueous fractions of M. africana showed good antibacterial activity against S[11] [71.4%], S[32] [70%] and S[26] [75%], respectively. The above results revealed that the selected plants can be further utilized for isolation of the active ingredients as the crude extracts were found good for inhibition of MRSA
ABSTRACT
Crude methanolic extract of roots, aerial parts and its subsequent fractions of Ferula narthex Boiss were tested for antibacterial, anti-fungal and phytotoxic activities. Crude methanolic extract of roots and its fractions showed significant antibacterial effect against P.aeruginosa [86.95%, 73.91, 69.59, 78.26 and 73.91%] represented by percent inhibition except ethyl acetate [EtoAc] fraction. The EtoAc fraction of roots and aerial parts showed significant activity against E. coli [80%], S. typhi [81.2 and 81.25%] and S. pneumoniae [80%]. The n-hexane, chloroform and aqueous fractions of aerial parts showed significant activity against P. aeruginosa [78.26, 69.56 and 73.91%]. Following fungal strains [T. longifusus, C. albicans, A. flavus, M. canis, F. solani, C. glabrata] were also used for anti-fungal activity. Among tested samples only crude methanol extract of roots, n-hexane and chloroform fraction showed moderate antifungal activity against M. canis [40, 35 and 30%] represented by percent inhibition. The remaining fractions showed no effect on tested fungi. Different oils fractions were also tested against above fungal strains. Fraction I, II and V showed mild to moderate activity against M. canis [40, 40 and 25%]. Phytotoxic effect of tested samples of roots, aerial part and its fractions showed concentration dependent growth inhibition. Maximum phytotoxic effect was noted for n-hexane and aqueous fraction [50% growth inhibition]. The remaining tested samples showed mild effect on growth of Lemna minor plant
Subject(s)
Anti-Bacterial Agents , Antifungal Agents , Plant ExtractsABSTRACT
Plants are very useful, self-generating machines, producing a variety of useful bioactive products. Keeping in view this idea, the crude methanolic extract and various fractions of Zizyphus jujuba were screened for antifungal, cytotoxic, antitermite and insecticidal activities. Low activity was shown by the crude methanolic extract [12%], n-hexane [9%], chloroform [20%] and ethyl acetate [14%] fraction against Penicillium notatum. Low activity was shown by the ft-hexane fraction against Aspergillus niger [10%] and Trichoderma harzianum [13%] and inactive against Aspergillus flavus, Fusarium oxysporum and Rhizopus stolonifer. The CHC1[3] fraction exhibited low activity of 10% against F. oxysporum while showing no activity against the rest of the test fungi. All the test samples were inactive against Rhizopus stolonifer. The crude methanolic extract was highly cytotoxic [73.33%] at the concentration of 1000 [microg/ml] while the rest of the test samples were low in toxicity at the same concentration. The crude methanolic extract of Zizyphus jujuba showed significant antitermite activity against Heterotermes indicola, among the test samples. Against Tribolium castaneum, Rhizopertha dominica and Callosbruchus analis the insecticidal activity was determined. All the test samples except rc-hexane showed low activity [20%] against T. castaneum. The w-hexane fraction showed low activity [20%] against R. dominica while the rest of the fractions were inactive against it. Low activity of 40% and 20% was shown by the chloroform and "-hexane fraction respectively against C. analis. The results of the present study revealed that the plant could be as potent source of cytotoxic drugs